Aquaculture For Youth And Youth Educators

Aquaculture for Youth and Youth Educators

Eileen M. McVey
National Agricultural Library
Aquaculture Information Center

Revised edition
May 1993

Beltsville, Maryland
National Agricultural Library
Revised May 1993

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

McVey, Eileen
Aquaculture for youth and youth educators.

Aquaculture--Study and teaching (Elementary) 2. Aquaculture- -Study and teaching (Secondary) I. Title aSH332

Preface

This revision of the original Aqua-Topic, titled _Aquaculture for Youth and Youth Educators_, was created in response to continued demand from teachers, youth leaders, and students who are interested in receiving information and ideas on aquaculture for projects and study. The information which follows is for students at upper elementary through high school learning levels. Recommended activities at the end of the text are organized by level of difficulty; Level I being the least difficult and Level III being the most difficult. The activities can be modified depending on geographic area and availability of resources. A glossary is also included at the end of the text for those students who need assistance with vocabulary. Words that are marked by asterisks in the text can be found in the glossary. Bibliographies are also included at the end for both students and teachers.

NOTE: The printed copy contained graphics. They are not available in this ASCII copy; however, they may be available in a future electronic version. A note has been placed in the text to indicate where graphics appeared in the print version.

thin blue line Introduction

The science of raising aquatic plants or animals is called aquaculture; aqua is a Latin word meaning water and culture means to cultivate or raise. There has been a steady increase in interest in aquaculture during the last 10 years because of overfishing of natural fish populations throughout the world, increase in water pollution problems, and greater demand for seafood by consumers.

I. History Of Aquaculture

[NOTE: Graphic labeled "Common Carp" shown here in print copy]

CHINA. No one is absolutely certain when aquaculture or the raising of aquatic animals and plants began. But, since twothirds of the Earth is covered with water, it is not surprising that man would eventually raise fish and aquatic plants. We do know that some form of aquaculture began in China around 3500 B.C. In many Chinese paintings you can see a fish jumping over a wave. This fish is a carp and the jumping carp symbolizes the successful jump to a higher position in life. The Chinese developed a unique system of raising several species of carp in order to use all the different food supplies in a pond. They used the pond as a whole space for growing by stocking it with mud carp species that feed on animals and plants from the pond bottom; silver carp and bighead carp that feed on phytoplankton or zooplankton in midwater; and grass carp that feed on floating aquatic plants at the top of the pond.

Around 500 B.C. the earliest Chinese document on fish culture was written. This paper was called "Fan Li on Pisciculture." This document was also known as "The Revered Mr. Zhu of Tao on Pisciculture." Fan Li was an interesting man who changed his name many times, eventually calling himself "The Revered Mr. Zhu." [NOTE: Graphic labeled "FAN LI" shown here in print copy] According to legend, he made several fortunes in his lifetime. When Prince Wei of Qi asked Fan Li how he had made his millions he replied, "Well, there are five ways to build up a large fortune and the most important one is pisciculture." Fan Li advised his Emperor to make the country rich through raising fish. Fan Li chose to raise carp because they grew rapidly to their full size and did not eat their young. He was very careful in his design of fish ponds for raising carp by providing swimming places for exercise and shallow places for resting.

Today over half the fish that the Chinese eat come from fish farm ponds.

EGYPT. In Egypt there are paintings on some of the tombs of the Pharaohs which show fish, probably tilapia, in manmade pools indicating some type of fish culture. Historians suggest Egyptians were probably raising the fish mainly for decoration or the fun of catching them rather than as food to feed their families.

JAPAN. As early as 2000 B.C., the Japanese were raising oysters. In recent years the Japanese have been very successful in mariculture by copying the effective freshwater methods used in raising carp in China and applying them to farming of fish, algae, and shellfish in saltwater. Today Japan raises many marine species of fish and shellfish.

The Japanese are particularly famous for their culture of the pearl oyster which they call the "tear of the moon." They insert a small particle of shell from the mussel into the pearl oyster. This particle of shell irritates the oyster as it filters water by opening and closing its shell to breathe and eat. This is probably the same way a small pebble in your shoe can irritate as you walk. The oyster then secretes a liquid substance that coats and smooths the particle with many layers of calcium carbonate. These layers eventually become the valuable round pearl that you see in necklaces.

The Japanese also culture various algae species, one of which is the marine plant we call seaweed. The leaves of this plant are used as a wrapper for the sushi , a popular Japanese food in the United States. This edible marine algae is also called nori.

INDONESIA. Historians think the culture of aquatic species in water that is part salt and part fresh began in Indonesia. Around the time A.D. 1400, brackish water culture of milkfish started in Indonesia. Later the culture of mullet was practiced.

Aquaculture appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages. Live fish were stored for later eating in the moats around castles. When the fish that were not caught for stew began to reproduce in the moat, people discovered a simple form of fish farming.

ITALY. Long ago the simplest method of culture was to capture the desired species from the wild and let it grow in a protected place such as a manmade pond. Early Romans were known to catch fish and eels and then fatten them in stone-lined ponds. Some brackish water fish farming developed in Italy in the mid 1800's. On the island of Comacchio in Italy, the people farmed an entire lagoon using manmade channels and lochs. They would allow freshwater from rivers to mix with seawater in the lagoon and raise mullet, eel, and sandsmelt.

FRANCE. In northwestern France in the early 1800's, the oyster growers placed strings of tiles in the water and waited for the oyster larvae to settle on them. It was like a multistoried oyster condominium on a rope. When the baby oysters were thumbnail size they put them in a special, protected bed and cultured them until they were large enough to harvest.

UNITED STATES. Early aquaculture in the United States dealt primarily with freshwater species. Although trout was established as a cultured species in the United States for restocking streams and lakes, the American farmer really entered the aquaculture field in the 1930's under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Farm Pond" program. Farmers were assisted by the United States Government in the construction and stocking of ponds with fish in order to increase the farmer's income. [NOTE: Graphic labeled "catfish" shown here in print copy]

Channel catfish farming, which is currently the largest aquaculture industry in the United States, began at this time. According to Peter R. Limburg in his book titled "Farming the Waters", a good catfish farm can produce 6,000 pounds of meat per acre. Some of the other important freshwater species cultured in the United States today are trout, crawfish, and striped bass. The 1991 value of U.S. aquacultural products is estimated at over $800 million.

Aquaculture of aquatic plants and animals in the coastal areas of the United States has been called mariculture, marine cultivation, marine farming, and sea farming. Some marine species cultured in North America are salmon, oysters, clams, mussels, scallops, abalone, shrimp, and crabs.

U.S. fish farmers cultivate at least 20 different species. Fish, shellfish, and algae are currently cultured all over the world, but aquaculturists and scientists still have a lot to learn about the culture of these water plants and animals. We know there are over 20,000 species of fish in the world, yet less than 100 species are farmed or cultured today.

II. Aquacultural Methods. What Does The Fish Farmer Do?

The land farmer must know the needs of the plant crops or animals that he or she raises. Do the plants need special soil? How much water and how much sunshine does each plant need? When will the plants produce the fruits or vegetables that will be harvested? The farmer must know what to feed the sheep and pigs, when the farm animals will produce young, and what types of diseases must be treated for both plants and animals.

The aquaculturist also must know all of these things about the fish or plants that he or she is culturing. Before the fish farmer begins the fish farmer must select the species to culture. He or she wants a species that grows fast, and a species that is able to tolerate changes in water temperature and chemical changes in water. The aquaculturist wants a species that can live in crowded conditions, that resists diseases, and if this species is raised for food it must taste good when harvested. The aquaculturist also wants a species that will sell for a good price.

FEEDS AND FEEDING. Farmers use fertilizer to help their plants grow and aquaculturists use different types of fertilizer to promote phytoplankton growth to help their fish grow. When fish are small or in the larval stage they absorb food from their egg sac. When fish grow into the fry stage they eat very small plants called phytoplankton or very small animals called zooplankton. Phytoplankton (the smaller algae) can be seen with a microscope. They are classified as plants because they make food using water, soil, and air just like larger plants. Even though some algae do not always look green, they have a special green pigment called chlorophyll which uses the energy of the Sun for photosynthesis just as land plants do.

Zooplankton, microscopic animals, are also used for food in aquaculture. If you visit an aquarium store you can find Artemia or brine shrimp eggs which are a type of zooplankton. They look like very small, brown or reddish-brown eggs. These eggs can be hatched at home to feed aquarium fish. Many fish and shrimp hatcheries use these same brine shrimp to feed their fry or shrimp larvae.

[NOTE: Graphic of labeled "trout" shown here in print copy] Finfish at the next growth stage become fingerlings, which means they are about the size of a finger, or 3-5 inches in length. The farmer must provide food pellets for the fish now that they no longer eat plankton. The younger fish must be fed more frequently than adult fish. The fish farmer has to carefully check that the fish are fed the right size and type of feed. If the fish are fed too much or the pellets are too large for the fish to eat, the water will become polluted with uneaten pellets and the fish will get sick or die.

Bivalves such as clams, oysters, and scallops also eat planktonic plants and animals. [NOTE: Graphic labeled "shrimp" shown here in print copy] A bivalve has two valves or siphons that pump water when the two shells open. One valve filters the incoming water for planktonic food and the second carries the waste water out of the shell's body. The adult clam may pump more than 15 quarts of water through its siphons in 1 hour!

REPRODUCTION. The fish farmer or aquaculturist also has to know when fish spawn or produce young. A few species of fish will produce easily in captivity with no help from the fish farmer. With some fish the farmer can sometimes trick them into spawning by changing the water temperature or the hours of light, or by using hormones. The eggs of saltwater fish tend to float freely while the eggs of freshwater species do not float. Some fish are like birds and build nests using their tail as a broom to clear a depression on the bottom of the pond. They may remove larger rocks or pebbles with their mouth.

The farmer must know if they will build nests like the trout; or whether they will carry the eggs in their mouth like the Tilapia species; or whether the eggs will float freely along the moving water like the eggs of the striped bass. Some eggs, such as those of salmon and trout, must be protected from direct sunlight. The aquaculturist must protect the eggs from any fish or other predators that might eat them. [NOTE: Graphic labeled "tilapia" shown here in print copy]

In Hawaii, aquaculturists used an interesting method to get mullet to reproduce. Mullet spawn once a year, but scientists wanted them to spawn faster. So they placed plastic sheets over the mullet ponds. This changed the light intensity that got to the ponds and fooled the fish into thinking it was the spawning season.

Perhaps some of the strangest and most complicated reproduction occurs in the seaweed. Seaweed is actually a type of algae. Part of the time it is plant-like in form and then it becomes a 1-celled swimming form called a zoospore. In fact, it took a dedicated science detective, Dr. Kathleen Drew (no relation to that other detective Nancy Drew), to discover the life cycle of the nori. She discovered that the seaweed spends part of its time as a small alga that bores holes in shells and its adult life as a leafy plant.

WATER QUALITY. The most important ingredient in the culture of fish and shellfish is water. Some fish grow in saltwater, some in freshwater, some in brackish water. Some species of fish grow in all three types of water at various stages of their life cycle and some can be adapted to different salinity conditions if the aquaculturist desires.

The water that the cultured animal lives in must be changed or filtered regularly since waste materials from fish and shellfish and uneaten feed go directly into the water. Waste materials from the animal may produce toxic chemicals in the water. Growth of specific aquatic algae or plants can help purify the water by taking in the toxic chemicals within their structure. Even bivalves can help purify water by filtering out excess algae and other food. Crustaceans such as shrimp keep the pond bottom clean by eating the leftover food and animal waste.

Fish farmers must measure oxygen levels on a regular basis in all three types of water. Fish as well as aquatic plants need oxygen to live. [NOTE: Graphic labeled "Irish Moss" shown here in print copy] Water, of course, contains oxygen. The fish breathe by drawing water into their mouths and forcing it across their gills which take the oxygen into the bloodstream. Bivalves do the same. If the dissolved oxygen in the water is low, the animals will become sick or die. More oxygen is provided by certain green water plants (phytoplankton) that give off oxygen during photosynthesis. Oxygen also is added when wind blows across the surface of the water. Oxygen can also be added by the fish farmer with an air pump or by stirring the water with a machine called a paddle wheel. Aquariums (which are sometimes spelled "aquaria") use pumps to add air to the water and to filter the waste out of the water by pumping it through the sand or carbon filter.

If you want to see oxygen in water, fill a glass with cold water and leave it in a warm place for a time. Soon you will see bubbles containing oxygen on the inside of the glass. As water becomes warmer, it cannot hold as much oxygen. When water boils in a pan on the stove, it is releasing oxygen. This is an important fact for the fish farmer to remember. The temperature of the water is also important because fish and shellfish are cold-blooded animals. Their temperature changes along with the temperature of the water. If the water temperature is not correct, they will not grow as large or as fast.

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Optimal Fahrenheit temperature for fish
Shrimp         78 - 86 degrees

Crawfish     72 - 82 degrees

Channel Catfish     72 degrees

Yellow Perch     68 degrees

Northern Pike     63 degrees

Coho Salmon     54 degrees

Rainbow Trout     47 degrees

Optimal Fahrenheit temperature for fish
Shrimp		78 - 86 degrees
Crawfish		72 - 82 degrees
Channel Catfish		72 degrees
Yellow Perch		68 degrees
Northern Pike		63 degrees
Coho Salmon		54 degrees
Rainbow Trout		47 degrees

Trout can survive in water temperature as low as 32 Fahrenheit but will die if the temperature rises to 75 Fahrenheit. Tilapia, a warmwater fish, can stand water temperatures as high as 90 Fahrenheit but cannot live if the temperature of the water falls below 50 Fahrenheit. Above is a list of fish and shellfish and the water temperature at which they grow best. Which aquatic animal would grow best in your area?

AQUACULTURAL SYSTEMS. Aquatic plants and animals can be grown in several different ways depending on the species being cultured. Some are grown in earthen ponds and others in round or square tanks of concrete or fiberglass. Some species grow best in a system called raceways. These are long, narrow, rectangular tanks with water flowing in one end and out the other. Fish such as the catfish may be grown in floating cages that hang in open water. Oysters and other bivalves can be grown on hanging strings or trays in the water: an oyster condominium. If several species are grown together in the same system, this is called polyculture. Raising only one species is called monoculture.

Some aquaculturists are involved in sea ranching, which is raising the fish for release to the wild and relying on the fish's homing instinct for recapture in the future. Sea ranching is used in the culture of salmon, which return to their home from the sea every year to spawn. Some endangered sea turtles are also raised in hatcheries and then released to the wild, when they are too big for most other sea animals to eat them. The scientist hopes that the turtles will return as adults to the same beach to lay their eggs.

NON-FOOD PRODUCTS PROVIDED BY AQUACULTURE. Fish are cultured for reasons other than eating. Some aquaculturists raise tropical fish for the aquarium business. Those pretty fish that you see in the tank at the pet store may not be caught from the wild. Perhaps they were raised by an aquaculturist. If you have raised tropical fish at home and helped them reproduce in your aquarium, then you are an aquaculturist.

The culture of the beautiful Koi or ornamental carp is very popular in Japan. While 100 varieties exist, only 13 are suitable for judging in fish shows. The fish are judged on their color, body shape, and grace in swimming. Since these fish live for many years, it is not unusual for people who culture Koi to leave certain koi in their will to their children.

The three major groups of seaweeds (brown, red, and green) can be cultured and are sources of many valuable products. Products from seaweed are used in ice cream to keep it creamy, in gelatin-type desserts, in printing inks, in some fabrics for fireproofing, in surgical gauze to make blood clot quickly, in photographic film, in shoe polish, and in lotions and cosmetics. About half of the world's toothpaste contains a byproduct from seaweed. The culture of seaweed is becoming more important to us each year.

As you can see, being a "fish farmer" is a pretty complicated business. Remember that the next fish, shrimp, or even oyster that you buy at the supermarket or eat in a restaurant may have been raised by an aquaculturist. And don't forget that seaweed when you brush your teeth!

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Glossary

alga or algae: chlorophyll-containing plants that grow in fresh or salt water

aquaculture: the farming of plants or animals in water

aquaculturist: the man or woman who raises aquatic plants or animals

Artemia: tiny animals related to the shrimp family and used as food by aquaculturists

bivalves: aquatic animals that have two valves to siphon water, such as oysters or clams

brackish: water that is partially salty

brine shrimp: Artemia (see above)

chlorophyll: a green plant pigment essential in photosynthesis

finfish: any cold-blooded aquatic animal having the limbs developed as fins

fingerling: a young fish 3-5 inches in length

fry: the young of fish, smaller than a fingerling

gill(s): an arch-shaped breathing organ behind the gill cover on the fish's head

hormones: a product from living cells that produces a specific effect on the activity of cells

lagoon: a shallow lake that opens to the sea

larva or larvae: immature form of young animals

loch: a narrow arm of the sea partially locked by land

mariculture: the farming of plants and animals in saltwater

monoculture: the culture of only one species of plant or animal in a culture system

nori: a seaweed that is used as an edible wrapper in Japanese food.

photosynthesis: the process of converting the Sun's energy, carbon dioxide, certain minerals, and water into carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

phytoplankton: tiny plant organisms used as food in fish and shellfish culture

pisciculture: culture of fish

plankton: very small swimming or free-floating plants or animals in water

polyculture: culture of more than one species of plant and/or animal in a culture system

salinity: level of dissolved salt in water

sea farming: (see sea ranching)

sea ranching: raising animals to release to the ocean

shellfish: an aquatic animal having a shell on the outside

spawn: a mass of eggs produced by fish or shellfish

spawning: to produce a mass of eggs

sushi: cooked rice garnished with raw seafood and vegetables and wrapped in seaweed

toxic: poisonous zooplankton: tiny animals such as Artemia

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Names of some animals that are cultured throughout the world:

Fish:: carp; catfish; eel; mullet; milk fish; salmon; striped bass; tilapia; trout

Shellfish: Mollusks: abalones clams conch mussels oysters scallops Crustaceans: shrimp lobsters crabs crawfish (crayfish)

Turtles

Algae: Macroalgae: seaweed(including kelp and Irish moss) Microalgae: microscopic blue-green and green algae (includes Chlorella)

Alligators

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Identify The Parts Of This Tilapia.

[NOTE: Graphic of a tilapia is shown here in print copy. Locate a picture of a fish and see how many of the following parts you can identify.]

Dorsal fin
Swim bladder
Lateral line
Caudal fin
Barbel
Gill
Pectoral fin
Pelvic fin
Stomach
Anal fin

Projects In Aquaculture

Level I:

Objective: Understand the ratio of land to water on the Earth.

Activity:

Look at a globe or map of the Earth and compare the spaces covered by land and by water. Draw a picture of the Earth. Color the land brown and color all of the water areas blue. Color the saltwater areas a dark blue and color the freshwater lakes and rivers a light blue. Can you draw a line that can go around the Earth and never touch land?

2. Objective:

Learn feeding requirements for rearing fish and plants in an enclosed space such as the aquarium.

Activity:

Visit an aquarium store and study the different types of fish that are kept in the aquariums. Ask the owner what types of food are fed to various fish, how much is fed, and how often. If there are differences in type of food and amount of food for each species of fish, find out why they are different. Find out why you should not feed fish just before you move them to your house. If there are aquatic plants, ask the owner how to take care of them.

3. Objective:

Learn the parts of a fish.

Activity:

Using a book from your school or public library, draw a fish and label its external parts. (Or use the figure on page 14.) See if you can find information on how different fin shapes affect the way the fish swims. Look at several different fish. Can you tell whether the fish is a "bottom feeder" or a "top feeder" by the shape of its mouth?

4. Objective:

Learn the method for producing one type of live feed for fish and shellfish.

Activity:

Gather information from your library or local aquarium store on raising brine shrimp. You will need a large jar and an air pump with air stone. Culture a batch of brine shrimp using what you have learned. When they hatch, look at them under a microscope and draw what you see. You can feed the brine shrimp dissolved yeast in a small amount and watch them grow. If you have an aquarium, feed the brine shrimp to your fish. Do they eat them? Why or why not?

5. Objective:

Learn about an aquatic food chain.

Activity:

Draw an aquatic food chain by starting with the Sun and mineral nutrients in the water feeding small swimming algae. Show small fish or shellfish eating the algae and ending with humans eating the fish.

Level II

Objective: Learn about the different types of fish.

Activity:

Using books from your school or public library, compile a list of fish. Separate the list into those fish with scales and those without scales. Compile a list of freshwater fish and saltwater fish. Which fish can live in all three types of water? Using the list of species that are being cultured on page 13, determine what type of water is needed for each.

2. Objective:

Learn the parts of a fish and what they do.

Activity:

Draw a fish and label the external parts. Draw a fish and label the internal parts. Compare these to the parts of a human. Note the differences and similarities in sensory organs between human and fish. Why are there differences?

3. Objective:

Learn to identify aquatic plants and their uses.

Activity:

Collect and identify all plants that grow in and on the edge of a pond. Draw a side view of a pond showing the location of the plants that you collected and determine if the plants provide food or shelter for animals in the pond. Find out if any of the plants are considered a pest or weed and must be controlled in a healthy pond and the best methods for controlling those weeds.

4. Objective:

Produce and study algae growth in water.

Activity:

Fill a clean, well-rinsed jar with water from a river or pond. Cover the jar by carefully taping on the outside black paper that has a 1 inch square hole in it, or cover the outside of the jar with black paint leaving a one-inch space on the upper side. Leave the jar in bright sunlight or shine a bright light on the side of the jar with the small open space. In 2-3 days remove the algae that has grown toward the light using an eye dropper and examine under a microscope. If you have goldfish, dry the algae and see if they will eat it.

5. Objective:

Learn about water filtration.

Activity:

Fill a jar with water. Add several teaspoons of dirt. Put the lid on the jar and shake the water. Place a coffee filter in a cone over another jar of the same size. Put some clean sand in the coffee filter. Slowly pour the muddy water from the first jar through the sand and filter. Study the water in the second jar. Is it clearer? Now take a third clean jar and fill it with water and add a tablespoon of salt. Stir until the salt is dissolved and you cannot see the salt grains. Taste the water. Can you taste the salt? Using a clean coffee filter and clean sand, pour this water into a fourth clean, empty jar. Is the water in the fourth jar clear? Now taste the water. Did the filter remove the salt? What does this mean? What did you learn that is important for an aquaculturist to know?

Level III

Objective: Learn the physical characteristics of a fish pond.

Activity:

Visit a local fish farm and study how the pond is designed. Locate the incoming water and drainage. Find out how the fish are harvested. Ask about pond aeration and plant control. Determine the source of the water for the pond. Draw a cross-section of the pond showing what you have learned.

2. Objective:

Learn some of the characteristics of pond water.

Activity:

Test water in a nearby pond for pH (acidity), oxygen, and turbidity. You will need a water test kit and a secchi disk. Water quality test kits are sometimes available at an aquarium store or through a scientific supply house if your school does not have one. You will need to test both morning and evening and compare the differences. Test on clear, calm days and after a heavy rain and compare differences. Determine why this information would be important to a fish farmer and determine what the farmer must do to change water chemistry, if needed.

3. Objective:

Learn the legal requirements for starting a fish farm.

Activity:

Write your State legislature and county offices for information on what permits are necessary to start a fish farm in your area. Start by writing your State Aquaculture Coordinator. (A current list of State Aquaculture Coordinators can be obtained by writing the Aquaculture Information Center, National Agricultural Library, 10301 Baltimore Blvd., Beltsville, MD 20705-2351.) Be sure to ask about laws or requirements for bringing fish into your State from another State or county to stock your pond or hatchery. Also ask what laws or permits you would need to ship your fish to market in another State or county. Are there any restrictions or regulations on water use in your area? What about pond drainage? Are there restrictions on how and where you can release used pond water?

4. Objective:

Be able to profile important information about one species.

Activity:

Use your school and public library as well as any aquaculturists or researchers you may know and select a species to profile. Find out the scientifiic and common name(s) of the animal or plant. Determine the following about this species: natural habitat, geographic range, natural foods, reproduction patterns, physical description (morphology), culture systems used, feeds used in culture, problems with culture of this species, common diseases and parasites, common predators, length of time until market size is reached, current markets, prices at market, and size of markets in the United States. Keep a list of your reference sources.

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Sources For The Student

If you would like to read more about aquaculture and related subjects, check in your school or public library for these and other books and articles. [NOTE: Italicized titles are marked by _ (e.g., _Title_). NAL Call numbers are given for those sources in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library's collection.]

Books - Level I

_A Day in the Life of a Marine Biologist_. William Jasphersohn. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, 1982, 96 pp.

_The Care of Water Pets_. Gertrude Pels. Illustrated by Ava Morgan. Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, NY, 1955, 119 pp.

_Clams and Other Critters_. J. Butzow and M. North Jones. New England Marine Education Project, College of Education, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 1979, 34 pp.

_The Desert Beneath the Sea_. Ann McGovern and Eugenie Clark. Scholastic, Inc., New York, NY, 1991, 48 pp.

_Discovering Freshwater Fish_. Bernice Brewster. Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, NY, l988, 48 pp.

_Fish_. Fiona Henrie. Junior Petkeeper's Library, Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, NY, 1980, 32 pp.

_Goldfish_. Herbert S. Zim. Illustrated by Joy Buba. Morrow Junior Books, William Morrow & Co., New York, NY, 1947, [unp.].

_The Great Aquarium Book_. Jane Sarnoff and Reynold Ruffins. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, NY, 1977, 47 pp.

_How to Raise Goldfish & Guppies: A Child's Book of Pet Care_. Sara B. Stein. Random House, New York, NY, November l976.

_Life Cycle of a Stickleback_. Philip Parker. Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, NY, 1988, 32 pp.

_Science of the Sea_. H. Pincus. American Education Publications, Columbus, OH, 1952, 32 pp.

_Taking Care of Your Fish_. Joyce Pope. Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, NY, l988, 32 pp.

_What Do You Want To Know About Guppies_? Seymour Simon. Illustrated by Susan Bonners. Four Winds Press, New York, NY, l977, 66 pp.

_What's for Lunch? The Eating Habits of Seashore Creatures_. Sam Epstein, Beryl Epstein and Michael Salmon. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1985, 48 pp.

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Books - Levels II and III

_Algae_. Harold E. Schlichting, Jr. and Mary Southworth Schlichting. Steck-Vaughn Company, Austin, Tx, 1971, 48 pp. NAL Call No. jQK566.5.S3

_Aquarium Book for Boys and Girls_. Alfred Morgan. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, NY, 1959, 209 pp.

_Aquarium Encyclopedia of Tropical Freshwater Fish_. J. D. Van Ramshorst. H.P. Books, Tucson, AZ, 1978, 391 pp. NAL Call No. SF457.A6.

_Aquarium Fish Magazine_. Available from Subscription Department, P.O. Box 484, Mt. Morris, IL 61054-8042. (Annual subscription: $9.99)

_Aquariums_. John Hoke. Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, NY, 1975, 71 pp.

_Careers in the Marine Environment_. Proceedings of 1979 Career Conference. 19 pp. Available from The Wetland Institute, C/O Tidepool Shop, Stone Harbor Blvd., Stone Harbor, NJ 08247. ($1.00 + $1.00 postage)

_Fishes and Their Ways_. Clarence J. Hylander. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1964, 240 pp.

_Fishing For Fun - Members Guide_. Ned E. Fogle. Michigan State Extension Service, 1978, 19 pp. Available from Michigan State University, Youth Programs Publications, 175 South Anthony, East Lansing, MI 48824.

_4-H Tropical Fish_. Richard Hilgers and John L. Skinner. 4-H Youth Development, l976, 19 pp. Available from 4-H Youth Development, Lowell Hall, 610 Langdon Street, Madison, WI 53706.

_4-H Wildlife Project - Fish Culture_. J. L. Byford, [et.al]. Available from National 4-H Council, 150 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, 1979, 8 pp.

_Future Food_. Harriete S. Abels. Crestwood House, Mankato, MN, 1980, 45 pp.

_Howell Beginner's Guide to Aquariums_. John Coburn. Howell Books, New York, NY, l987, 50 pp.

_Identification Guide to Marine Tropical Fish_. Frederick William Pitcher. Illustrated by Michael Stringer. Arco Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY, l977, 59 pp.

_NatureScope: Diving Into Oceans_. Volume 4, Number 2. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, 1989, 68 pp. NAL Call No. GC16.D58 1989

_Ocean-Going Plants - Seaweeds_. C. Parmer. Marine Science 4-H Special Interest Series, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, [n.d.], 4 pp.

_Questions About the Oceans_. H. Dubach, and R. Taber. U.S. Naval Ocean Office, Washington, DC, 1968, 121 pp.

_Strange Breeding Habits of Aquarium Fish_. Hilda Simon. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, NY, l975, 160 pp.

_Three Drops of Water_. Sigmund Kalina. Lothrup, Lee & Shephard Company, New York, NY, 1974, 64 pp. NAL Call No. jQH96.16.K34

_Working with Water_. E. A. Catherall and P.N. Holt. Albert Whiteman & Company, Chicago, IL, 1969, 48 pp. NAL Call No. jQ163.C3

_World of Freshwater Fishes_. Thomas D. Fegely. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, NY, 1978,128 pp.

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Articles - Levels II and III

"Fish Farming: the New Agriculture." B. T. Hunter. In: _Consumers Research Magazine_, August l988, 72, pp. 36-7.

"Grandpa and the Kids Work at a Fish Hatchery." D. Sisson. In: _Field and Stream_, May l987, 92, pp. 81+.

"The Living Sea." H. Fice and I. Simkiss. In: _Discovery Project - The Sea_, Macmillan Education Ltd., London, UK, 1972, 33 pp.

"Native Aquarium Fish: a New Aquaculture Crop." B. McLarney. In: _Aquaculture Magazine_, Little Rock, AK, Briggs Associates, Inc., Jan/Feb l984, v 11(2), p. 26-28.

"School for Salmon (Teaching Hatchery Salmon to Recognize Predators; work of Bori Olla)." V. Quinn. In: _National Wildlife_, April/May l988, v 26, pp. 44-6.

"Today's Youth in Tomorrow's Sea." Hal Goodwin. In: _Sea World_, 1978, pp 40-8.

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Sources For The Teacher

Selected Books:

(Note: For those sources where availability has been given, publications may be in limited supply.)

_Aquaculture: An Introduction_. Michael E. Newman. Interstate Publishers, Danville, IL, 1992, 449 pp. NAL Call No. SH34.L43 1992

_Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms_. John E. Bardach, [et al.]. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1972, 868 pp.

_Aquaculture Training Manual_. Donald R. Swift. Fishing News Books, Ltd., Farnham, England, UK, 1985, 135 pp. NAL Call No. SH135.S9

_Aquatic Activities For Youth_. H. David Greene, [et al.]. New York Sea Grant Institute, Albany, NY, May 1980. Prepared by the Youth Coastal Education Program, 21 South Grove St., East Aurora, NY 14502. ($2.50)

_The Cult of the Koi_. Michugo Tamadachi. T.F.H. Publication, Inc., Neptune City, NJ, 288 pp. NAL Call No. SF458.K64T35 1990

_Crustacean and Mollusk Aquaculture in the United States_. Edited by Jay V. Huner and E. Evan Brown. AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Wesport, CO, 1985, 476 pp. NAL Call No. SH365.A3C78

_Farming the Waters_. Peter R. Limburg. Beaufort Books, Inc., New York, NY, 1980, 223 pp. NAL Call No. SH135.L55 1980

_Fish_. T. Smid. University of Arkansas Sea Grant Program, Fairbanks, AK, 1980, 51 pp.

_Fish Farming Techniques_. Larry Belusz. The Instructional Materials Laboratory. Number 10 Industrial Education Building, 6th and Stewart, Columbia, MO 65211, 1987, 84 pp.

_Fish With Small Fry: A Parent's Guide to Teaching Children How to Fish_. Jim Freeman. Chronicle Books, San Francisco, CA, 1973, 128 pp.
Selected Books:

_Genetics and Fish Breeding. Fish and Fisheries Series 8_. Colin E. Purdom. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, 1993, 277 pp. NAL Call No. SH155.5.P87 1992

_A History of Marine Fish Culture in Europe and North America_. R. Kirk. Fishing News Books, Ltd., Farnham, England, UK, 1987, 192 pp. NAL Call No. SH163.K5

_Man and the Gulf of Mexico Educational Series_. MASGP-82-007. [n.a.]. 1982. Volume 1: _Marine and Estuarine Ecology_, 88 pp. Volume 2: _ Marine Habitats_, 88 pp. Volume 3: _Diversity of Marine Plants_, 135 pp. Volume 4: _Marine Animals_, 126 pp. Available from University Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Road, Jackson, MS 39211. (Vol. 1 & 2: $5.00. Vol 3 & 4: $6.00)

_Organisms: Teacher's Guide_. S. Fletcher, [et al.]. D. C. Heath & Company, Boston, ME, 1968, 148 pp.

Articles:

"Growing Algae in the Classroom." C. Hampton and C. Hampton. In: _Science and Children_, 1980, v 17(5), Washington, DC, pp. 40-41.

"Survey of Fishery Programs in Colleges and Universities in the United States." UNIHI-Seagrant-JC-87-01. Rose T. Pfund. In: _Fisheries_, 1986, v 11(6), pp. 16-21.

Curricula and Supplemental Materials:

_The American Lobster_. P1066. 2 pp. Available from Information Office, Rhode Island Sea Grant, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197; (401) 344-3755. ($.25 each plus $1.00 shipping)

_Aquaculture Materials for Elementary and Middle Schools_. Catherine Flanagan and Eileen M. McVey. Available from Aquaculture Information Center, National Agricultural Library, 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705-2351. (Free)

_Aquatic Animal Behavior. Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies_. Nashua, NH: Delta. 1981. Grades 4-8. Available from Delta Education, Inc., P.O. Box M, Nashua, NH 03061-6012; (800) 258-1302. ($15.60)

_Aquatic Resources Education Curriculum_. C. Boyd Pfeiffer and Mark Sosin. Kendall Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa, l987, [random paging]. For information contact AFTMA Sportfishing Educational Foundation, 1250 Grove Avenue Suite 300, Barrington, IL 60010.

_Aquatic Science: Marine Fisheries Biology_. TAMU-SG-79-405. 1979, 18 pp. Grades 4-12. Single copies available from Marine Information Service, Sea Grant College Program, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4115.

_Build a Fish to Scale_. OHSU-EP-032. M. Canning and M. Dunlevy. 1987, 101 pp. Available from Ohio Sea Grant Program-Publications, Ohio State University, Research Center, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212. ($5.00)

_Breakwaters and Bays_. Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies. Nashua, NH: Delta. 1982. Grades 4-8. Available from Delta Education, Inc., P.O. Box M, Nashua, NH 03061-6012; (800) 258-1302. ($15.60)

_Brine Shrimp_. Elementary Science Study. Nashua, NH: Delta. 1985. Grades 1-4. Available from Delta Education, Inc., P.O. Box M, Nashua, NH 03061-6012; (800) 258-1302. (Guide: $4.50, Kit: $37.00)

_The Chesapeake Bay_. Virginia Marine Science Museum. Virginia Beach, VA: Virginia Marine Science Museum. 1987. Grades 3-4. Available from Virginia Marine Science Museum, 717 General Booth Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23415; (804) 425-3476.

_Clean Water, Streams and Fish_. Elementary Curriculum. Wendy Borton, [et al.]. 1982, 292 pp. Available from Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center, Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365. ($10.00 plus postage)

_Clean Water, Streams and Fish_. Secondary Curriculum. Wendy Borton, [et al.]. 1982, 341 pp. Available from Vicki Osis, Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center, Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365. ($10.00 plus postage)

_Coastal Plain River Curriculum_. Virginia Marine Science Museum. Virginia Beach, VA: Virginia Marine Science Museum. 1987. Grades 1-2. Available from Virginia Marine Science Museum, 717 General Booth Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23415; (804) 425-3476.

_Coming To Our Senses: An Environmental Approach To Teaching at the Elementary Level_. Judith Bock, [et al.]. Second Edition. Centre for Environmental Education, Montreal, Quebec, 1975, 64 pp. Available from STOP, 1361 Greene Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3Z 2A5. ($2.00)

_Common Vascular Plants of the Louisiana Coastal Marsh_. LSU-T-79-003
R. Chabreck and R. Condrey. l979, 120 pp. Available from Louisiana Sea Grant, LSU Center for Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507. ($7.00)

_The Community Is Our Classroom_. Marjorie Nicol and Gail Jordan. TEAL Occasional Papers, 1977, v 1, 6 pp. Available from British Columbia Association of TEAL, c/o King Edward Campus, V.C.C., 2750 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ($2.50 Canadian plus $.50 postage)

_Connections: Guide To Marine Resources, Living Marine Systems and Coastal Field Trips_. UNC-SG-84-05. L. Spence, and J. Mendicott. l984, 93 pp. Available from Marine Education Specialist, University of North Carolina Sea Grant College Program, Box 8605, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695-8605. ($2.00)

_Crayfish_. Elementary Science Study. New York, NY: McGrawHill. 1969. Grades 4-6. Available from ERIC Clearinghouse, Ohio State University, 1200 Chambers Road, Third Floor, Columbus, OH 43212; (614)292-6717.

_Determining the Age of Fish_. E-1774. Cooperative Extension Service. MSU Bulletin Office, 1984, [unp.]. Available from Michigan Sea Grant Extension, MSU Bulletin Office, P.O. Box 6640, East Lansing, MI 48826-6640. ($0.35)

_Diving into Oceans. Ranger Rick's NatureScope_. Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation. 1988. Grades K-6. Available from National Wildlife Federation, 1412 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036-6800; (202) 797-6800. ($6.00)

_Estaurine Biology_. Grades 5-8. Calvert Marine Museum, P.O. Box 97 Solomons, MD 20688; (301) 326-2042. (Free)

_Fan Li On Pisciculture_. Edited by Chen Li Xing. Agriculture Publication, Ch o N�i Da Ji�, No. 130, Beijing, China. 1986, 103 pp. NAL Call No.: [In process]

_Fins and Scales_. 4H 367. Neil Crenshaw. [n.d.], 11 pp. Available from Publications, Marine Education Program, Sea Grant College Program, Bldg. 803, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

_Fish Schooling_. P956. 2 pp. Available from Information Office, Rhode Island Sea Grant, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197; (401) 344-3755. ($.25 each plus $1.00 shipping)

_Fisheries Biology For Everyone_. SGEB-11. Steve Bortone. April 1986, 178 pp. Available from Publications, Marine Education Program, Sea Grant College Program, Bldg. 803, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. ($3.00)

_Fishy Activities For Your Small Fry_. Mary E. Sparrow, [et al.]. Educational Series No. 28, October 1985, 36 pp. Grade Level K-6. Available from Sea Grant Communications, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062. ($2.00)

_Fourth Grade Marine Science Career Awareness_. D. Borden, [et al.]. Marine Science Center, Poulsbo, WA, [n.d.], 106 pp.

_A Guide To Salt Marsh Plants Common To North Carolina_. UNC-SG-81-04. Elizabeth Jean Wilson. l981, 32 pp. Available from Marine Education Specialist, University of North Carolina Sea Grant College Program, Box 8605, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695-8605. ($1.50)

_A Guide To Salt Water Aquariums_. LSU-H-85-001. S. Ruckstuhl. l985, 13 pp. Available from Louisiana Sea Grant, LSU Center for Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507.

_The Hard Clam_. MAS-12. William R. Hall. Revised l986, 6 pp. Available from University of Delaware, Marine Communications Office, Sea Grant College Program, 196 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716.

_How To Set Up and Maintain a Saltwater Aquarium_. TAMU-SG-81-504. Grades 3-12, 1981,8 pp. Single copies available from Marine Information Service, Sea Grant College Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4115.

_How To Use the Library To Find Marine-related Information_. UNIHI-Seagrant-AB-84-02. Peter J. Rappa. March 1984, 4 pp. Available from University of Hawaii, Sea Grant College Program, Publications Office, 1000 Pope Road, MSB 200, Honolulu, HI 96822.

_Is Our Food Future In the Sea_? E-msg-84-8. John Butzow, et al. Northern New England Marine Education Project, 1984, 31 pp. Available from University of Maine, Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, 30 Coburn Hall, Orono, ME 04469. ($5.00)

_Lake Erie - A Day In the Life Of a Fish_. OHSU-EP-033. M. Canning and M. Dunlevy. 1987, 87 pp. Available from Ohio Sea Grant Program-Publications, Ohio State University, Research Center, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212. ($5.00)

_Let's Go Near the Water_. B. Church. Burlington County Girl Scout Council. [n.d.], [n.p.]. Available from New Jersey Marine Science Consortium, Building 22, Fort Hancock, NJ 07732.

_Life Cycle of the Salmon_. Pacific Science Center. 1980, Revised 1988, 126 pp. Grades 3-5. Available from Pacific Science Center Gift Shop, 200 Second Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109. ($6.00 plus .75 shipping. Set of 64 slides to accompany unit, $33.00)

_Living in Water_. Valerie Chase, [et al.]. Baltimore, MD: National Aquarium in Baltimore. 1987. Grades 4-6. Available from National Aquarium in Baltimore, Dept. of Education and Interpretation, Pier 3, 501 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202; (301) 576-3810. ($4.00)

_Marine Careers: The Oceanographer_. William R. Hall. January 1989, 2 pp. Available from University of Delaware, Marine Communications Office, Sea Grant College Program, 196 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716

_Marine Education: A Bibliography of Educational Materials_. Marine Information Service, Sea Grant College Program, TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4115

_Marine Life and The Sea - A Resource Unit For Elementary and Junior High Schools_. H. Davis. Portsmouth Public Schools, Portsmouth, VA [n.d.], 36 pp.

_Marine Science Teaching Aids_. (Series). [n.a.]. [n.d.], 4 to 8 pages. Designed for secondary school teachers, this series presents marine-related concepts that can be taught in typical secondary school science classes and includes background information and suggested activities. Available from Louisiana Sea Grant, LSU Center for Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507.

_Marine Studies Idea Book: For Teachers, Grades K-6_. USCSG-ME-01-82. Gail Ellison. January 1982, 75 pp. Available from University of Southern California Sea Grant, Marine Education Program, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0341. ($8.00)

_National Survey of Fishery Education in Institutions of Higher Education_. UNIHI-Seagrant-MR-85-02. Rose T. Pfund. May 1985, 48 pp. Available from University of Hawaii, Sea Grant College Program, Publications Office, 1000 Pope Road, MSB 200, Honolulu, HI 96822. ($1.00)

_OBIS Pond Guide. Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies_. Nashua, NH: Delta. 1980. Delta Education, Inc., P.O. Box M, Nashua, NH 03061-6012; (800) 258-1302. ($3.00)

_People and the Sea_. Virginia Marine Science Museum. Virginia Beach, VA: Virginia Marine Science Museum. 1987. Grades 5-6. Available from Virginia Marine Science Museum, 717 General Booth Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23415; (804) 425-3476.

_Pond Water_. Elementary Science Study. New York, NY: McGrawHill. 1969. Grades 3-6. Available from ERIC Clearinghouse, Ohio State University, 1200 Chambers Road, Third Floor, Columbus, OH 43212; (614) 292-6717.

_Ponds and Lakes_. Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies. Nashua, NH: Delta. 1979. Grades 4-8. Available from Delta Education, Inc., P.O. Box M, Nashua, NH 03061-6012; (800) 258- 1302. ($17.15)

_Project WILD Aquatic Education Activity Guide_. Project WILD. Boulder, CO: Project WILD. 1987. Grades K-8. Available from Project WILD, California Department of Fish and Game Conservation, Education Branch, 1416 9th Street, Sacramento, CA 95814; (916) 445-7613.

_Red Tide in the Northeast_. P1099. 2 pp. Available from Information Office, Rhode Island Sea Grant, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197; (401) 344-3755. ($.25 each plus $1.00 shipping)

_Salt: In the Oceans and in Humans_. P955. 2 pp. Available from Information Office, Rhode Island Sea Grant, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197; (401) 344-3755. ($.25 each plus $1.00 shipping)

_Scallop_. P187. 2 pp. Available from Information Office, Rhode Island Sea Grant, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197; (401) 344-3755. ($.25 each plus $1.00 shipping)

_Sea Sampler: Aquatic Activities For the Field and Classroom_ (Elementary). SCSG-TR-85-1. Wendy B. Allen and Patty O. McLaughlin. 1985, 118 pp. Available from Publications, South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, 287 Meeting Street, Charleston, SC 29401. ($4.25)

_Sea Sampler: Aquatic Activities For the Field and Classroom (Secondary)_. SCSG-TR-85-2. Wendy B. Allen and Patty O. McLaughlin. l985, 114 pp. Available from Publications, South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, 287 Meeting Street, Charleston, SC 29401. ($4.00)

_Sea Turtles In Louisiana's Coastal Waters_. LSU-T-87-004. D. Fuller, [et al.]. 1987, 40 pp. Available from Louisiana Sea Grant, LSU Center for Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507. ($4.00)

_Seascope: A Marine Activity Book For Elementary Schools_. LSU-E-82-0001. J. Schweitzer, [et al.]. 1982, 84 pp. Available from Louisiana Sea Grant, LSU Center for Wetland Resources, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507. ($6.50)

_Seashore_. Outdoor Biology Instruction Strategies. Nashua, NH: Delta. 1981. Grades 4-8. Available from Delta Education, Inc., P.O. Box M, Nashua, NH 03061-6012; (800) 258-1302. ($14.10)

_Sensing the Sea: A Curriculum Guide in Marine Education for Grades Two and Three_. Ellen Odell-Fisher and Ronald N. Giese. 1978, 53 pp. Available from Marine Education Center, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062. ($2.00)

_Shrimp In Alabama_. MASGP-86-012. [n.a.]. l986, pamphlet. Available from Mississippi - Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, P. O. Box 7000, Ocean Springs, MS 39564-7000.

_Starting and Maintaining a Marine Aquarium_. 4H 356. [n.a.]. [n.p.], 12 pp. Available from Publications, Marine Education Program, Sea Grant College Program, Bldg. 803, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

_Starting and Maintaining a Marine Aquarium_. 4H 356. (Project Record). [n.a.]. [n.d.], 7 pp. Available from Publications, Marine Education Program, Sea Grant College Program, Bldg. 803, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

_Starting and Maintaining a Marine Aquarium_. MASGP-81-001. [n.a.]. l981, 23 pp. Available from Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, P.O. Box 7000, Ocean Springs, MS 39564-7000.

_A Survey Of Fishery Programs In Colleges and Universities In the United States_. Rose T. Pfund. Reprinted from _Fisheries_, Vol 11(6), December 1986, 6 pp. Available from University of Hawaii, Sea Grant College Program, Publications Office, 1000 Pope Road, MSB 200, Honolulu, HI 96822.

_Teaching Marine Studies When You Don't Know a Snipe From a Sea Cucumber_. USCSG-R-05-77. Gail Ellison. Reprinted from _Sea World_, Fall 1977, pp. 33-35. Available from University of Southern California Sea Grant, Marine Education Program, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0341. ($1.00)

_To Harvest a Walleye_. OHSU-EP-011/S and OSHU-EP-011/T. S. Leach, [et al.]. Revised 1986, 12 pp. Teacher's Guide 20 pp. Available from Ohio Sea Grant Program-Publications, Ohio State University, Research Center, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212. ($3.00)

_Water World_. Virginia Marine Science Museum. Virginia Beach, VA: Virginia Marine Science Museum. 1987. Grades K-2. Available from Virginia Marine Science Museum, 717 General Booth Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23415; (804) 425-3476.

_What is Oceanography_? P915. 2 pp. Available from Information Office, Rhode Island Sea Grant, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197; (401) 344-3755. ($.25 each plus $1.00 shipping)

Selected Magazines and Newsletters:

_Aquaculture Magazine_. Asheville, NC: Achill River Corp. Available from Aquaculture Magazine, P.O. Box 2329, Asheville, NC 28802; (704) 254-7334.

_Aquaculture News_. Jonesville, LA. Nelson Publications Inc. Available from The Aquaculture News, P.O. Box 416, Jonesville, LA 71343; (318) 339-4660.

_Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Report_. United States Department of Agriculture. Available from Economic Research Service, ERS-NASS, 341 Victory Drive, Herndon, VA 22070; (800) 999-6779.

_The Catfish Journal_. Official Publication of the Catfish Farmers of America. Available from The Catfish Journal, P.O. Box 55648, Jackson, MS 39296; (601) 956-6702.

_Practical Aquaculture Lake Management_. Available from Aquaculture Advisory Service, P.O. Box 1294, Garner, NC 27529- 1294; (919) 772-8548.

_Water Farming Journal_. Metairie, LA: Carroll Trosclair & Associates Inc. Available from Carroll Trosclair & Associates, Inc. 3400 Newrey Drive, Metairie, LA 70002

Aquaculture For Youth And Youth Educators
Entry Date: 10/94
Author: Eileen M. Mcvey
Organization: National Agricultural Library
Document Type: Annotated Bibliography
Document Size: 58k Or 32 Pages

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